The Hyponatremia Hazard: When Water Becomes Unsafe

Water is the essence of life, but can it ever be unsafe? A kidney specialist says yes—when consumed in extreme excess. The hazard is a condition called hyponatremia, where the body’s sodium levels are diluted to a dangerously low point, turning a healthy habit into a medical emergency.
The kidneys are central to managing our body’s water and sodium levels. They require a healthy intake of fluids, typically about 2-3 liters a day, to function properly. This allows them to filter waste and maintain the delicate balance necessary for our cells to work.
When a person drinks too much water too quickly, the kidneys can’t keep up. The excess fluid enters the bloodstream, diluting the sodium. Since sodium is crucial for maintaining fluid balance inside and outside of cells, this dilution causes water to rush into the cells, making them swell.
This swelling is particularly dangerous in the brain, where the rigid skull prevents expansion. The result can be severe neurological symptoms, including confusion, headaches, seizures, and in the most extreme cases, can be fatal. This is why hyponatremia is a serious medical concern.
So, who is at risk? While it’s most common in endurance athletes, anyone who drinks excessive amounts of water in a short time can be affected. The key to prevention is moderation. Drink according to your thirst, and unless you’re under extreme physical duress, there’s no need to force fluids.